World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific

Women's health

Health, in general, comes about as the product of many factors: biological, psychological, social, political, cultural and economic. There was a time when programmes on women's health were focused almost entirely on maternal health. The realization did not come until later that women's health goes far beyond childbearing and includes other phases of a woman's life as well as the health of her children and her children's children.

Women's health can be spoken of in terms of the search for solutions for high maternal mortality ratios and infant mortality rates, malnutrition, anaemia and other micronutrient deficiencies, early and unwanted pregnancies, illiteracy, female genital mutilation, high fertility, unsafe abortions, reproductive tract infections (RTI), sexually transmitted infections (STI), HIV/AIDS, work-related health risks, cancers, substance abuse, sexual harassment, domestic abuse and violence against women, depression and other problems related to ageing, gender inequities, the unfair low social status accorded to women, the hindrances to their empowerment and the obstruction of their basic human rights.

Women's health also relates to the appropriate status that a woman should enjoy, her right to assert and decide for herself the number of children she wants to have and the time she should have them, and her realization that what she ought to have and get are her basic human rights.

Since the technical discussions on women's health and development at the Forty-fifth World Health Assembly in 1992, WHO has advocated strongly for a lifespan approach to women's health—from conception to old age, from the time before birth to death, from the womb to the tomb.

Unfortunately, women have always been discriminated against. In most Asian countries, they have always been considered as subordinate to men. As young girls, they are under the tutelage of their fathers; as wives, they are considered to be under the authority of the husbands; and as widows, they become subject to the decisions of their eldest sons.

In some Western Pacific countries, particularly among the poor in the rural areas, the birth of a daughter is taken as the birth of another "slave", while the birth of a son is welcomed with great joy.

Again, in most developing countries, especially in the rural areas, women seem to have only two roles in life—to be wives and mothers. As such, they are conditioned by custom and society to believe that a woman's role is chiefly reproductive, which accounts for the fact that most girls in the countryside marry early, most of them while still in their teens, which translates into early pregnancies, more pregnancies, and higher maternal morbidity and mortality rates.



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